{"id":7432,"date":"2023-01-12T10:15:12","date_gmt":"2023-01-12T10:15:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mollekuqja.mk\/?p=7432"},"modified":"2024-10-20T10:17:08","modified_gmt":"2024-10-20T10:17:08","slug":"ndikimi-i-sistemeve-zgjedhore-ne-perfaqesimin-gjinor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mollekuqja.mk\/en\/ndikimi-i-sistemeve-zgjedhore-ne-perfaqesimin-gjinor\/","title":{"rendered":"Ndikimi i sistemeve zgjedhore n\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin gjinor"},"content":{"rendered":"

Votuesit jan\u00eb shpesh m\u00eb pak t\u00eb prirur p\u00ebr t\u00eb votuar p\u00ebr grat\u00eb. Votat jan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr figurat \u201ce njohura\u201d dhe \u201ct\u00eb dukshme\u201d, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb fuqi p\u00ebr fushata n\u00eb terren dhe kontakte me votuesit, dhe k\u00ebta jan\u00eb kryesisht meshkuj.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebr barrierat kryesore p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebmarrjen e grave n\u00eb politik\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 stereotipeve gjinore dhe skepticizmit ndaj aft\u00ebsive t\u00eb grave, \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe modeli i sistemit zgjedhor. Ekziston nj\u00eb\u00a0korrelacion nd\u00ebrmjet sistemeve zgjedhore dhe p\u00ebrqindjes<\/a>\u00a0s\u00eb grave t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuara dhe t\u00eb zgjedhura n\u00eb zgjedhjet komb\u00ebtare dhe lokale.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi gjinor n\u00eb modelin zgjedhor proporcional dhe mazhoritar<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Dy sistemet kryesore zgjedhore jan\u00eb sistemet zgjedhore proporcionale dhe ato mazhoritare. Pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e\u00a0vendeve evropiane kan\u00eb sisteme zgjedhore proporcionale<\/a>\u00a0me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb disa vendeve si Franca, Mbret\u00ebria e Bashkuar, Gjermania q\u00eb kan\u00eb miratuar nj\u00eb sistem zgjedhor mazhoritar ose\u00a0t\u00eb kombinuar<\/a>. Pothuajse n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha vendet me sistem zgjedhor proporcional,\u00a0p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi i grave \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi 40%.<\/a>\u00a0Vendet me sisteme zgjedhore t\u00eb kombinuar dhe\/ose mazhoritar kan\u00eb\u00a0nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb grave<\/a>\u00a0n\u00eb parlamentet komb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Republik\u00ebn e Maqedonis\u00eb s\u00eb Veriut, n\u00eb zgjedhjen e deputet\u00ebve dhe k\u00ebshilltar\u00ebve p\u00ebrdoret modeli zgjedhor proporcional me\u00a0kuot\u00eb gjinore prej 40%<\/a>. P\u00ebrqindja e grave t\u00eb zgjedhura n\u00eb\u00a0Kuvend \u00ebsht\u00eb 42%<\/a>\u00a0dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrqindja m\u00eb e lart\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Me rastin e zgjedhjes s\u00eb kryetar\u00ebve t\u00eb komunave dhe me rastin e zgjedhjes s\u00eb presidentit t\u00eb shtetit n\u00eb Maqedonin\u00eb e Veriut, zbatohet modeli i mazhoritar i zgjedhjeve. Rezultatet e t\u00eb gjitha zgjedhjeve t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme p\u00ebr kryetar komune tregojn\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb kandidateve gra dhe kryetareve t\u00eb zgjedhura. Zgjedhjet e fundit lokale n\u00eb vitin 2021 rezultoi me\u00a02 kryetare komunash femra dhe 79 kryetar\u00eb<\/a>\u00a0t\u00eb zgjedhur meshkuj.<\/p>\n

Listat e mbyllura kundrejt atyre t\u00eb hapura n\u00eb sistemin proporcional<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Nga vendet e BE-s\u00eb q\u00eb aplikojn\u00eb nj\u00eb model zgjedhor proporcional,\u00a017 kan\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem zgjedhor proporcional me lista t\u00eb hapura<\/a>. Shumica e tyre nuk kan\u00eb nj\u00eb prag ligjor votash.<\/p>\n

Modeli zgjedhor proporcional, p\u00ebrve\u00e7se nj\u00eb model i hapur, karakterizohet edhe nga lista fleksib\u00ebl dhe t\u00eb mbyllura. Listat e mbyllura kan\u00eb n\u00eb qend\u00ebr partin\u00eb dhe i japin m\u00eb shum\u00eb pushtet lidershipit t\u00eb partis\u00eb n\u00eb em\u00ebrimin e kandidat\u00ebve. M\u00eb shum\u00eb ngjajn\u00eb me lista t\u00eb elitave partiake dhe t\u00eb pasardh\u00ebsve t\u00eb partis\u00eb sesa t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruara n\u00eb cil\u00ebsit\u00eb e kandidat\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb modelin e zgjedhjeve proporcionale me lista t\u00eb hapura, ka nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirje dhe diversitet m\u00eb t\u00eb madh n\u00eb zgjedhje. Mund t\u00eb promovoj\u00eb demokracin\u00eb brendapartiake dhe t\u00eb kufizoj\u00eb pushtetin e lider\u00ebve partiak\u00eb. Mund t\u00eb inkurajoj\u00eb gjithashtu konkurrenc\u00ebn brenda partis\u00eb dhe luft\u00ebn p\u00ebr ep\u00ebrsi nd\u00ebrmjet kandidat\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb rregullave, votuesit mund t\u00eb votojn\u00eb p\u00ebr list\u00ebn dhe\/ose p\u00ebr nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb kandidat\u00eb. N\u00eb Luksemburg dhe Zvic\u00ebr ekziston mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb votuar kund\u00ebr kandidatit. Votuesit mund t\u00eb shtojn\u00eb kandidat\u00ebt e tyre, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb list\u00eb t\u00eb re t\u00eb kandidat\u00ebve t\u00eb preferuar. Disa lista t\u00eb hapura lejojn\u00eb edhe kandidat\u00eb jopartiak\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi gjinor n\u00eb nj\u00eb model proporcional me list\u00eb t\u00eb mbyllur<\/strong><\/h4>\n

N\u00eb modelin proporcional me lista t\u00eb mbyllura, partit\u00eb, para miratimit t\u00eb kuot\u00ebs gjinore t\u00eb detyrueshme, shpeshher\u00eb i vendosnin grat\u00eb n\u00eb vendet jofituese, duke i renditur m\u00eb ul\u00ebt n\u00eb list\u00eb. Kjo praktikohej r\u00ebndom n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb m\u00eb tradicionale dhe m\u00eb pak n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb q\u00eb promovojn\u00eb barazin\u00eb gjinore.<\/p>\n

Kuota e detyrueshme gjinore dhe\u00a0,,zip system\u2019\u2019<\/a>, pra renditja e alternuar e kandidat\u00ebve t\u00eb t\u00eb dy gjinive, rriti p\u00ebrqindjen e femrave n\u00eb politik\u00eb. Para miratimit t\u00eb kuot\u00ebs n\u00eb Maqedonin\u00eb e Veriut, p\u00ebrqindja e femrave t\u00eb zgjedhura n\u00eb Kuvend sillej nd\u00ebrmjet 3-5%. Me miratimin e kuot\u00ebs gjinore prej 30% n\u00eb vitin 2002, p\u00ebrqindja nga viti 2002 deri n\u00eb vitin 2014 ishte midis 19-34%, ose 23-42 gra t\u00eb zgjedhura n\u00eb Kuvend. N\u00eb vitin 2015 u miratua kuota gjinore prej 40%, e cila rriti p\u00ebrqindjen e grave t\u00eb zgjedhura n\u00eb mbi 35%.<\/p>\n

Nga shembujt n\u00eb Maqedonin\u00eb e Veriut, \u00ebsht\u00eb evidente se modeli zgjedhor proporcional me lista t\u00eb mbyllura, kuota dhe sistem zip \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb variant i mir\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimit gjinor.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi gjinor n\u00eb listat e hapura<\/strong><\/h4>\n

N\u00eb listat e mbyllura, me kuot\u00ebn e detyrueshme gjinore dhe renditjen e alternuar t\u00eb kandidat\u00ebve t\u00eb t\u00eb dy gjinive, nj\u00eb vend kan\u00eb siguruar femrat. N\u00eb listat e hapura, kandidatet femra duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme, t\u00eb ken\u00eb kontakt m\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb me elektoratin, t\u00eb lobojn\u00eb p\u00ebr veten e tyre dhe t\u00eb zhvillojn\u00eb fushata individuale p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar vota.<\/p>\n

Mungesa e kuot\u00ebs gjinore n\u00eb listat e hapura zvog\u00eblon mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimit adekuat t\u00eb grave n\u00eb list\u00eb. Dhe n\u00eb at\u00eb rast, ashtu si n\u00eb listat e mbyllura pa kuot\u00eb, do t\u00eb pozicionoheshin n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e poshtme t\u00eb list\u00ebs. Kjo paraqet nj\u00eb rrezik t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb sepse votat e elektoratit mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb ose shp\u00ebrblim ose nd\u00ebshkim. N\u00ebse elektorati mb\u00ebshtet grat\u00eb, ka nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr zgjedhje pavar\u00ebsisht pozicionimit t\u00eb ul\u00ebt n\u00eb list\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem zgjedhor proporcional me lista t\u00eb hapura,\u00a0hulumtimet e m\u00ebparshme<\/a>\u00a0kan\u00eb ardhur n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim se ka nj\u00eb nxitje m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr kandidat\u00ebt q\u00eb t\u00eb realizojn\u00eb kontakte m\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta me elektoratin. Fushatat individuale t\u00eb kandidat\u00ebve mund t\u2019i ndihmojn\u00eb ata n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme p\u00ebr t\u2019u zgjedhur. Por,\u00a0grat\u00eb kan\u00eb m\u00eb pak burime<\/a>, m\u00eb pak trajnime dhe njohuri p\u00ebr fushatat personale.<\/p>\n

Shembujt nga vendet fqinje q\u00eb aplikojn\u00eb lista t\u00eb hapura me kuota gjinore, si Kosova dhe Shqip\u00ebria\u00a0tregojn\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje m\u00eb pak t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimit t\u00eb grave<\/a>\u00a0n\u00eb parlamente sesa p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi i grave n\u00eb Maqedonin\u00eb e Veriut.<\/p>\n

Sistemi zgjedhor n\u00eb\u00a0Kosov\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb proporcional me lista t\u00eb hapura<\/a>\u00a0me kuot\u00eb gjinore 30% ku votuesit kan\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb votojn\u00eb p\u00ebr pes\u00eb kandidat\u00eb t\u00eb preferuar. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb,\u00a0Kosova p\u00ebrdor konceptin e \u201chumb\u00ebsit\u201d<\/a>,\u00a0sipas t\u00eb cilit n\u00ebse nuk ka num\u00ebr t\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm femrash t\u00eb zgjedhura, at\u00ebher\u00eb femrat me votat m\u00eb t\u00eb larta n\u00eb list\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb meshkujt me m\u00eb pak vota. Shembuj t\u00eb till\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb pak t\u00eb k\u00ebndsh\u00ebm sepse kandidatet femra hyjn\u00eb me m\u00eb pak vota se sa kandidat\u00ebt meshkuj vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb kuot\u00ebs gjinore.<\/p>\n

Nga viti 2020 n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri aplikohen listat e hapura me kuot\u00eb gjinore 30% dhe prag 1%. Me votim preferencial, votuesit mund t\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb renditjen e kandidat\u00ebve n\u00eb list\u00eb. Por p\u00ebrqindja e grave t\u00eb zgjedhura \u00ebsht\u00eb 34.3%.<\/p>\n

A do t\u00eb votonin votuesit p\u00ebr grat\u00eb n\u00eb listat e hapura?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Nj\u00eb pyetje ky\u00e7e q\u00eb lind \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebse votuesit do t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin grat\u00eb n\u00eb listat e hapura. Analizat nga vendet evropiane dhe nga vendet e Ballkanit japin rezultate kontradiktore. Edhe pse tregojn\u00eb se gjinia e kandidatit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb faktor vendimtar, praktika tregon se meshkujt kan\u00eb p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi gjat\u00eb votimit.<\/p>\n

Rezultatet n\u00eb Estoni<\/a>, sistemi zgjedhor i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs kombinon lista t\u00eb hapura dhe t\u00eb mbyllura, japin pak prova se votuesit kujdesen p\u00ebr gjinin\u00eb e nj\u00eb kandidati. N\u00eb mesin e viteve \u201990, jan\u00eb rreth 10% gra t\u00eb zgjedhura me lista t\u00eb hapura. N\u00eb periudh\u00ebn 2007-2011 p\u00ebrqindja rritet n\u00eb 22%. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ndryshimit t\u00eb t\u00eb kuptuarit tradicional t\u00eb rolit dhe vendit t\u00eb gruas n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Kroaci<\/a>, n\u00eb vitin 2016 disa kandidat\u00eb t\u00eb pozicionuar m\u00eb posht\u00eb n\u00eb list\u00eb u zgjodh\u00ebn me vota preferenciale pavar\u00ebsisht renditjes s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb ul\u00ebt. Por ka edhe rezultate t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta. Grat\u00eb e pozicionuara m\u00eb lart n\u00eb list\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb votave preferenciale p\u00ebr burrat u imponuan t\u00eb dalin n\u00eb fund t\u00eb list\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Bosnj\u00eb dhe Hercegovin\u00eb<\/a>, me futjen e listave t\u00eb hapura n\u00eb vitin 2002, edhe p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr kuot\u00ebs gjinore, numri i femrave t\u00eb zgjedhura \u00ebsht\u00eb ulur n\u00eb krahasim me zgjedhjet e m\u00ebparshme.<\/p>\n

Votuesit jan\u00eb shpesh m\u00eb pak t\u00eb prirur p\u00ebr t\u00eb votuar p\u00ebr grat\u00eb. Votat jan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr figurat \u201ce njohura\u201d dhe \u201ct\u00eb dukshme\u201d, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb fuqi p\u00ebr fushata n\u00eb terren dhe kontakte me votuesit, dhe k\u00ebta jan\u00eb kryesisht meshkuj.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Maqedonin\u00eb e Veriut, hulumtimi i kryer nga\u00a0Reaktor,<\/a>\u00a0thot\u00eb se elektorati nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i paragjykuar ndaj kandidateve femra. Shumica mb\u00ebshtet grat\u00eb dhe gjinia nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb faktor vendimtar gjat\u00eb zgjedhjeve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e IFES<\/a>, t\u00eb anketuarit e kan\u00eb renditur gjinin\u00eb e kandidatit madje n\u00eb vendin e shtat\u00eb. Faktor\u00ebt m\u00eb prioritar jan\u00eb; arritjet e kaluara t\u00eb kandidat\u00ebve, prejardhja sociale, niveli i arsimimit dhe p\u00ebrvoja profesionale.<\/p>\n

A ia vlen t\u2019i jepet nj\u00eb shans listave t\u00eb hapura n\u00eb Maqedonin\u00eb e Veriut?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Vitet e fundit ka pasur disa debate p\u00ebr futjen e listave t\u00eb hapura. Listat e hapura jan\u00eb nj\u00eb koncept me variante t\u00eb shumta q\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb ndryshe n\u00eb vende t\u00eb ndryshme. N\u00eb Raportin e\u00a0\u0412Komisionit t\u00eb Venecias<\/a>\u00a0theksohet se ekziston \u201crreziku\u201d q\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidhen m\u00eb pak femra n\u00eb lista t\u00eb hapura.<\/p>\n

Gjith\u00e7ka varet nga konteksti i vendeve, nga aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer fushata, nga organizimi i grave dhe organizatave t\u00eb grave p\u00ebr t\u00eb lobuar, nga p\u00ebrvoja e m\u00ebparshme e grave.<\/p>\n

Listat e hapura jan\u00eb nj\u00eb opsion i mir\u00eb p\u00ebr uljen e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb elitave partiake, p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfshirje m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb kandidat\u00ebve dhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rol m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve n\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhjen e kandidat\u00ebve. Por ato nuk ofrojn\u00eb rezultate duksh\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb mira p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin gjinor.<\/p>\n

Modelet proporcionale me lista kuotash t\u00eb mbyllura mbeten nj\u00eb opsion m\u00eb i mir\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimit t\u00eb grave. N\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri ku politika konsiderohet ende nj\u00eb profesion mashkullor, megjith\u00ebse elektorati \u00ebsht\u00eb neutral gjinor, \u00ebsht\u00eb ende e pamundur t\u00eb parashikohet n\u00ebse do t\u00eb votohet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb burr\u00eb apo nj\u00eb grua.<\/p>\n

Burimi:\u00a0Respublica<\/a><\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Votuesit jan\u00eb shpesh m\u00eb pak t\u00eb prirur p\u00ebr t\u00eb votuar p\u00ebr grat\u00eb. Votat jan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr figurat \u201ce njohura\u201d dhe \u201ct\u00eb dukshme\u201d, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb fuqi p\u00ebr fushata n\u00eb terren dhe kontakte me votuesit, dhe k\u00ebta jan\u00eb kryesisht meshkuj. Nd\u00ebr barrierat kryesore p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebmarrjen e grave n\u00eb politik\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 stereotipeve gjinore dhe […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":7433,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[36,45,37,42,16,64],"class_list":["post-7432","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nthelb","tag-barazia-gjinore","tag-burra","tag-diskriminim","tag-gra","tag-politike","tag-women"],"yoast_head":"\nNdikimi i sistemeve zgjedhore n\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin gjinor - Moll\u00ebkuqja<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mollekuqja.mk\/en\/ndikimi-i-sistemeve-zgjedhore-ne-perfaqesimin-gjinor\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ndikimi i sistemeve zgjedhore n\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin gjinor - Moll\u00ebkuqja\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Votuesit jan\u00eb shpesh m\u00eb pak t\u00eb prirur p\u00ebr t\u00eb votuar p\u00ebr grat\u00eb. 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